At Kazakhstan, so it developed historically, there are huge environmental problems which other countries didn't face. It is wellknown that for many decades in Kazakhstan there was mainly raw system of environmental management with extremely high technogenic loads of environment. In 2005 in the Ordzhonikidze district of Khakassia during an exploratory archaeological work was found 'Temple of the Creation of the Universe' sanctuary of Fedorovo (Andronov) culture in Khakassia with cosmogonic petroglyphic compositions.
Contents. Etymology The name Bulgaria is derived from the, a tribe of origin that founded the country. Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD, but it is possibly derived from the word bulģha ('to mix', 'shake', 'stir') and its derivative bulgak ('revolt', 'disorder'). The meaning may be further extended to 'rebel', 'incite' or 'produce a state of disorder', i.e.
The 'disturbers'. Ethnic groups in with phonologically similar names were frequently described in similar terms: during the 4th century, the, a component of the ' groups in Ancient China, were portrayed as both a 'mixed race' and 'troublemakers'. Odrysian golden in the remains dating to around 150,000 years ago, or the, are some of the earliest traces of human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria. The arose circa 6,500 BC and was one of several societies in the region that thrived on.
The (fifth millennium BC) is credited with inventing. The associated contains the oldest golden jewellery in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years. The treasure has been valuable for understanding social hierarchy and stratification in the earliest European societies. The, one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern, appeared on the some time before the 12th century BC. The Thracians excelled in and gave the the and cults, but remained tribal and stateless.
The Persian conquered most of present-day Bulgaria in the 6th century BC and retained control over the region until. The invasion became a catalyst for Thracian unity, and the bulk of their tribes united under king to form the in the 470s BC. It was weakened and vassalized by in 341 BC, attacked in the 3rd century, and finally of the in AD 45. By the end of the 1st century AD, Roman governance was established over the entire Balkan Peninsula and began spreading in the region around the 4th century.
The —the first book—was created by bishop in what is today northern Bulgaria around 381. The region came under control after the in 476. The Byzantines were engaged in prolonged warfare against Persia and could not defend their Balkan territories from barbarian incursions. This enabled the to enter the Balkan Peninsula as marauders, primarily through an area between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains known as. Gradually, the interior of the peninsula became a country of the, who lived under a. The Slavs assimilated the partially, and Thracians in the rural areas.
First Bulgarian Empire. Khan Krum feasts with his nobles after the battle of Pliska. His servant (far right) brings the wine-filled of. Not long after the Slavic incursion, was once again invaded, this time by the under. Their horde was a remnant of, an extinct tribal confederacy situated north of the Black Sea in what is now Ukraine. Asparukh attacked Byzantine territories in Moesia and conquered the Slavic tribes there in 680. A peace treaty with the was signed in 681, marking the foundation of the.
The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste. Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries. Introduced a written code of law and checked a major Byzantine incursion at the, in which Byzantine emperor was killed. Abolished paganism in favour of in 864.
The was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the and the adoption of the, developed in the capital,. The common language, religion and script strengthened central authority and gradually fused the Slavs and Bulgars into a unified people speaking a single. A golden age began during the 34-year rule of, who oversaw the largest territorial expansion of the state.
After Simeon's death, Bulgaria was weakened by wars with and and the spread of the. Preslav was seized by the Byzantine army in 971 after consecutive and Byzantine invasions. The empire briefly recovered from the attacks under, but this ended when Byzantine emperor defeated the Bulgarian army at in 1014. Samuil died shortly after the battle, and by 1018 the Byzantines. Second Bulgarian Empire. Main article: After the conquest of Bulgaria, Basil II prevented revolts by retaining the rule of local nobility and relieving their lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold, allowing instead.
The was reduced to an, but retained its and its. Byzantine domestic policies changed after Basil's death and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out, being led.
In 1185 nobles and organized a which resulted in the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with as the capital.
The walls of in, the capital of the second empire, the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of and received a royal crown from a. The empire reached its zenith under (1218–1241), when its borders expanded as far as the coast of, Serbia and, while commerce and culture flourished. Ivan Asen's rule was also marked by a shift away from Rome in religious matters. The Asen dynasty became extinct in 1257. Internal conflicts and incessant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks followed, enabling the to over the weakened Bulgarian state.
In 1277, swineherd led a that chased the Mongols out of Bulgaria and briefly made him emperor. He was overthrown in 1280 by, whose factional conflicts caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to disintegrate into small feudal dominions by the 14th century. These fragmented —two tsardoms at and and the —became easy prey for a new threat arriving from the Southeast: the.
Ottoman rule. Fragmentation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 14th century The Ottomans were employed as mercenaries by the Byzantines in the 1340s but later became invaders in their own right. Sultan took from the Byzantines in 1362; fell in 1382, followed by in 1388. The Ottomans completed their conquest of Bulgarian lands in 1393 when Tarnovo was sacked after a three-month siege and the which brought about the fall of the Vidin Tsardom in 1396.
Was the last Bulgarian settlement to fall, in 1453. The Bulgarian nobility was subsequently eliminated and the peasantry was to Ottoman masters, while much of the educated clergy fled to other countries. Were considered an of people under the Ottoman system. Bulgarians were subjected to heavy taxes (including, or blood tax), their culture was suppressed, and they experienced partial. Ottoman authorities established a religious administrative community called the, which governed all Orthodox Christians regardless of their ethnicity. Most of the local population then gradually lost its distinct national consciousness, identifying only by its faith.
The clergy remaining in some isolated monasteries kept their ethnic identity alive, enabling its survival in remote rural areas, and in the militant in the northwest of the country. As Ottoman power began to wane, and Russia saw Bulgarian Christians as potential allies. The first backed an, then, the in 1688 and finally in 1689. The also asserted itself as a protector of Christians in Ottoman lands with the in 1774.
The Russo-Bulgarian defence of Shipka Pass The Western European in the 18th century influenced the initiation of a. It restored national consciousness and provided an ideological basis for the liberation struggle, resulting in the 1876. Up to 30,000 Bulgarians were killed as Ottoman authorities put down the rebellion. The massacres prompted the to take action.
They convened the in 1876, but their decisions were rejected by the Ottomans. This allowed the to seek a military solution without risking confrontation with other Great Powers, as had happened in the. In 1877 on the Ottomans and defeated them with the help of, particularly during the crucial which secured Russian control over the main road to. Third Bulgarian state. Main articles:, and The was signed on 3 March 1878 by and the.
It was to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality spanning, and, roughly on the territories of the, and this day is now called National Liberation Day. The other immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the might threaten their interests. It was superseded by the, signed on 13 July, which provided for a much smaller state only comprising Moesia and the region of, leaving large populations of ethnic Bulgarians outside the new country. This significantly contributed to Bulgaria's militaristic foreign affairs approach during the first half of the 20th century. The Bulgarian principality won and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of in 1885, proclaiming itself an independent state on 5 October 1908. In the years following independence, Bulgaria increasingly militarized and was often referred to as 'the Balkan '.
It became involved in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918—two. After a disastrous defeat in the, Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the in World War I.
Despite fielding more than a quarter of its population in a 1,200,000-strong army and achieving several decisive victories at and, the country capitulated in 1918. The war resulted in significant territorial losses and a total of 87,500 soldiers killed. More than 253,000 refugees from the lost territories to Bulgaria from 1912 to 1929, placing additional strain on the already ruined national economy. Tsar Boris III The resulting political unrest led to the establishment of a royal by Tsar (1918–1943). Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of but declined to participate in and from deportation to.
The sudden death of Boris III in mid-1943 pushed the country into political turmoil as the war turned against Germany, and the communist guerrilla movement gained momentum. The government of subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. Bulgaria did not comply with Soviet demands to expel German forces from its territory, resulting in a declaration of war and an invasion by the USSR in September 1944.
The communist-dominated took power, ended participation in the Axis and joined the Allied side until the war ended. Bulgaria suffered little war damage and the Soviet Union demanded no reparations. But all wartime gains, with the notable exception of, were lost. The of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of the monarchy and of some 1,000–3,000 dissidents, war criminals, and members of the former royal elite. But it was not until 1946 that a was instituted following a referendum.
It fell into the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of (1946–1949), who established a repressive, rapidly industrializing state. By the mid-1950s standards of living rose significantly and political repressions eased. The Soviet-style saw some market-oriented policies emerging on an experimental level under (1954–1989). Compared to wartime levels, national GDP increased five-fold and per capita GDP quadrupled by the 1980s, although severe debt spikes took place in 1960, 1977 and 1980. Zhivkov's daughter bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage, culture and arts worldwide. Facing declining birth rates among the ethnic Bulgarian majority, in 1984 Zhivkov's government forced the minority ethnic to adopt Slavic names in an attempt to erase their identity and assimilate them.
These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey. The Communist Party was forced to give up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the. Zhivkov resigned and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a parliamentary democracy. The first free elections in June 1990 were won by the Communist Party, now rebranded as the. A that provided for a relatively weak elected president and for a prime minister accountable to the legislature was adopted in July 1991. The new system initially failed to improve living standards or create economic growth—the average quality of life and economic performance remained lower than under communism well into the early 2000s. After 2001 economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly, and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status in 2003.
It became a member of in 2004 and participated in the. After several years of reforms it joined the and in 2007 despite Brussels' concerns about government corruption. Bulgaria hosted the 2018 at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Above: A map of Bulgaria showing its main topographical features Below: A map.
Bulgaria occupies a portion of the eastern peninsula, bordering five countries— and to the south, and to the west, and to the north. The land borders have a total length of 1,808 kilometres (1,123 mi), and the coastline has a length of 354 kilometres (220 mi). Its total area of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi) ranks it as the world's 105th-largest country. Bulgaria's geographic coordinates are.
The most notable features are the, the, the, and the. The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans, while the defines the border with Romania. The Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of and broadening as it reaches the. The range west of The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country.
The mountainous southwest has two distinct alpine ranges— and, which border the lower but more extensive to the east., at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), is the highest point in both Bulgaria and the Balkan peninsula, and the Black Sea coast is the country's lowest point. Plains occupy about one third of the territory, while plateaux and hills occupy 41%. Most rivers are short and with low water levels. The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the, has a length of 368 kilometres (229 mi).
Other major rivers include the and the in the south. Bulgaria has a changeable climate, which results from being positioned at the meeting point of the and continental air masses combined with the barrier effect of its mountains. Northern Bulgaria averages 1 °C (1.8 °F) cooler, and registers 200 millimetres (7.9 in) more precipitation, than the regions south of the Balkan mountains. Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas.
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The lowest recorded temperature is −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F), while the highest is 45.2 °C (113.4 °F). Averages about 630 millimetres (24.8 in) per year, and varies from 500 millimetres (19.7 in) in to more than 2,500 millimetres (98.4 in) in the mountains. Continental air masses bring significant amounts of snowfall during winter.
Biodiversity and environment. In, one of Bulgaria's 16 biosphere reserves The interaction of climatic, hydrological, geological and topographical conditions has produced a relatively wide variety of plant and animal species. Bulgaria's, one of the richest in Europe, in three national parks, 11 nature parks, 10 and 565 protected areas. Ninety-three of the 233 species of Europe are found in Bulgaria, along with 49% of and 30% of species. Overall, 41,493 plant and animal species are present. Larger mammals with sizable populations include (106,323 individuals), (88,948), (47,293) and (32,326). Number some 328,000 individuals, making them the most widespread.
A third of all nesting birds in Bulgaria can be found in, which also hosts Arctic and alpine species at high altitudes. Flora includes more than 3,800 vascular plant species of which 170 are and 150 are considered endangered.
A checklist of larger in Bulgaria by the Institute of Botany identifies more than 1,500 species. More than 35% of the land area is covered by forests. In 1998, the Bulgarian government adopted the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources. Bulgaria has some of the largest areas in Europe covering 33.8% of its territory.
It also achieved its objective of reducing by 30% from 1990 to 2009. Bulgaria ranks 30th in the 2018, but scores low on air quality.
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Levels are the highest in Europe, especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal-based power stations. One of these, the -fired station, is causing the highest damage to health and the environment in the European Union. Pesticide use in agriculture and antiquated industrial sewage systems produce extensive soil and water pollution. Water quality began to improve in 1998 and has maintained a trend of moderate improvement.
Over 75% of surface rivers meet European standards for good quality. The National Assembly in Bulgaria is a where the is the and the most powerful executive position. The political system has three branches—legislative, executive and judicial, with for at least 18 years old. The also provides possibilities of direct democracy, namely petitions and national. Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election. Normally, the prime minister-elect is the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections, although this is not always the case.
Unlike the prime minister, presidential domestic power is more limited. The directly elected serves as and of the armed forces, and has the authority to return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the by a simple majority vote. Political parties gather in the, a body of 240 deputies elected to four-year terms by direct popular vote.
The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the prime minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. Overall, Bulgaria displays a pattern of unstable governments. Is serving his third term as prime minister since 2009, when his centre-right, pro-EU party won and ruled as a with 117 seats in the National Assembly. His first government resigned on 20 February 2013 after caused by high costs of utilities, low living standards, corruption and the perceived failure of the democratic system. The protest wave was notable for self-immolations, spontaneous demonstrations and a strong sentiment against political parties. The subsequent resulted in a narrow win for, but the eventually formed a government led by after Borisov failed to secure parliamentary support. The Oresharski government resigned in July 2014 amid continuing.
A caretaker government took over and called the which resulted in a third GERB victory, but a total of eight parties entered parliament. Borisov with several right-wing parties, but resigned again after the candidate backed by his party failed to win the. The was again won by GERB, but with 95 seats in Parliament. They formed a coalition with the far-right, who hold 27 seats. Has reported a continuing deterioration of democratic governance after 2009, citing reduced media independence, stalled reforms, abuse of authority at the highest level and increased dependence of local administrations on the central government. Bulgaria is still, with a political system designated as a semi-consolidated democracy, albeit with deteriorating scores.
The defines it as a 'Flawed democracy'. Legal system Bulgaria has a legal system. The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court of Cassation are the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts. The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges. The legal system is regarded by both domestic and international observers as one of Europe's most inefficient due to pervasive lack of transparency and corruption. Law enforcement is carried out by organisations mainly subordinate to the.
The (GDNP) combats general crime and maintains public order. GDNP fields 26,578 police officers in its local and national sections. The bulk of criminal cases are transport-related, followed by and drug-related crime;. The Ministry of the Interior also heads the Border Police Service and the —a specialized branch for anti-terrorist activity, crisis management and riot control. Counterintelligence and national security are the responsibility of the State Agency for National Security. Administrative divisions.
Main articles: and Bulgaria is a. Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units has varied from seven to 26. Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces ( oblasti, singular ). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralization of the economic system. It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (Sofia-Grad). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities.
The provinces are subdivided into 264. Municipalities are run by mayors, who are elected to four-year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils.
Bulgaria is a highly state where the directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding. Main articles: and Bulgaria became a member of the in 1955 and since 1966 has been a non-permanent member of the three times, most recently from 2002 to 2003. It was also among the founding nations of the (OSCE) in 1975. Euro-Atlantic integration has been a priority since the fall of communism, although the communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the Warsaw Pact and joining the by 1987. Bulgaria signed the European Union on 25 April 2005, and became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007. In addition, it has a tripartite economic and diplomatic collaboration with Romania and Greece, good ties with China and and a historical relationship with.
Jet fighters of the Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of both civilian and military advisors in Soviet-allied countries like and during the. The first deployment of foreign troops on Bulgarian soil since World War II occurred in 2001, when the country hosted six aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan. International military relations were further expanded with accession to in March 2004 and the US-Bulgarian Defence Cooperation Agreement signed in April 2006. And air bases, the training range, and a logistics centre in subsequently became cooperatively used by the United States and Bulgarian militaries. Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all-, composed of, and an. The land forces consist of two mechanized brigades and eight independent regiments and battalions; the air force operates 106 aircraft and air defence systems in six air bases, and the navy operates various ships, helicopters and coastal defence weapons. Active troops dwindled from 152,000 in 1988 to 31,300 in 2017, supplemented by 3,000 reservists and 16,000 paramilitary.
The inventory consists mostly of Soviet equipment like and jets, air defence systems and short-range. Tree-map of Bulgarian exports in 2016 The labour force is 3.36 million people, of whom 6.8% are employed in agriculture, 26.6% in industry and 66.6% in the services sector. Extraction of metals and minerals, production of, steel, biotechnology, tobacco and food processing and are among the major industrial activities. Mining alone employs 24,000 people and generates about 5% of the country's GDP; the number of employed in all mining-related industries is 120,000. Bulgaria is Europe's fifth-largest coal producer.
Local deposits of coal, iron, copper and lead are vital for the manufacturing and energy sectors. Two-thirds of food and agricultural exports go to countries. Although cereal and vegetable output dropped by 40% between 1990 and 2008, output has since increased, and the 2016–2017 season registered the biggest grain output in a decade., and are also grown.
Quality is a significant industrial crop. Bulgaria is also the largest producer globally of and, both widely used in fragrances.
Of the services sector, is a significant contributor to economic growth. Bulgaria has emerged as a travelling destination with its inexpensive resorts and beaches outside the reach of the tourist industry. Most of the visitors are Romanian, German, Turkish, British and Russian., coastal resorts and and winter resorts, and are some of the locations most visited by tourists. Science and technology. Main article: Spending on amounts to 0.78% of GDP, and the bulk of public R&D funding goes to the (BAS). Private businesses accounted for more than 73% of R&D expenditures and employed 42% of Bulgaria's 22,000 researchers in 2015. The same year, Bulgaria ranked 39th out of 50 countries in the, the highest score being in education (24th) and the lowest in value-added manufacturing (48th).
Chronic government underinvestment in research since 1990 has forced many professionals in science and engineering to leave Bulgaria. The launch of BulgariaSat-1 by SpaceX in 2017 Despite the lack of funding, research in chemistry, and remains strong. Three per cent of economic output is generated by the (ICT) sector where 40,000 to 51,000 software engineers are employed. Bulgaria was known as a 'Communist ' during the Soviet era due to its key role in computing technology production. The country is a regional leader in and operates Avitohol, the most powerful supercomputer in Southeast Europe. Bulgaria has made numerous contributions to.
These include two scientific satellites, more than 200 payloads and 300 experiments in Earth orbit, as well as since 1971. Bulgaria was the first country to grow and vegetables with its on the. It was involved in the development of the and the, particularly in modelling trajectories and guidance for both Vega probes. Bulgarian instruments have been used in the, including a spectrometer that took the first high quality images of Martian moon with the probe. En route to and around the planet has been mapped by dosimeters on the. Of these instruments have also been fitted to the lunar probe and the. Bulgaria's first ——was launched by in June 2017.
Telephone services are widely available, and a central digital trunk line connects most regions. (BTC) serves more than 90% of fixed lines and is one of the three operators providing mobile services, along with. Penetration stood at 61.9% of the population aged 16–74, in 2017. Bulgaria's strategic geographic location and well-developed energy sector make it a key European energy centre despite its lack of significant fossil fuel deposits.
Thermal power plants generate 48.9% of electricity, followed by from the (34.8%) and (16.3%). Equipment for a second nuclear power station at has been acquired, but the fate of the project remains uncertain. Installed capacity amounts to 12,668 MW, allowing Bulgaria to exceed domestic demand and export energy. The national road network has a total length of 19,512 kilometres (12,124 mi), of which 19,235 kilometres (11,952 mi) are paved.
Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation, although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight. Bulgaria has 6,238 kilometres (3,876 mi) of railway track and currently a total of 81 kilometres (50 miles) of are in operation. Rail links are available with Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Serbia, and express trains serve direct routes to,.
Sofia and Plovdiv are the country's air travel hubs, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports. Population trend since 1960 The population of Bulgaria is 7,360,000 people according to the 2011 national census. The majority of the population, or 72.5%, reside in urban areas.
As of 2017, Sofia is the most populated urban centre with 1,330,000 people, followed by (345,000), (344,000), (209,000) and (160,000). Are the main ethnic group and comprise 84.8% of the population. And minorities comprise 8.8 and 4.9%, respectively; some 40 smaller minorities comprise 0.7%, and 0.8% do not self-identify with an ethnic group. Former head has disputed the 2011 census figures, suggesting the actual population is smaller than reported. The Roma minority is usually underestimated in census data and may represent up to 11% of the population. Population density is 65 per square kilometre, almost half the European Union average.
Bulgaria is in a state of demographic crisis. It has had negative population growth since the early 1990s, when the economic collapse caused a long-lasting emigration wave. Some 937,000 to 1,200,000 people—mostly young adults—left the country by 2005. The (TFR) was estimated at 1.46 children born per woman in 2017. The majority of children are born to unmarried women. Furthermore, a third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5% of families do not have children under the age of 16.
The resulting birth rates are among the lowest in the world while are among the highest. High death rates result from a combination of an ageing population, a high number of people at risk of poverty and a weak healthcare system. More than 80% of all deaths are due to and; nearly a fifth of those are avoidable. Mortality rates can be sharply reduced to levels below the EU average through timely and adequate access to medical services, which the healthcare system does not provide fully. Although is nominally universal, account for nearly half of all healthcare spending, which significantly limits access to medical care.
Other problems disrupting care provision are the emigration of doctors due to low wages, understaffed and under-equipped regional hospitals, supply shortages and frequent changes to the basic service package for those insured. The 2018 Bloomberg Health Care Efficiency Index ranked Bulgaria last out of 56 countries. Average is 74.7 years compared with an EU average of 80.2 and a world average of 69.
The Rectorate of Sofia University Public expenditures for education are far below the European Union average as well. Educational standards, but have declined significantly since the early 2000s. Bulgarian students were among the highest-scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001, performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts; by 2006, scores in reading, math and science had dropped. Although average stands at 98.4% with no significant difference between sexes, is significant. The study of 2015 found 41.5% of pupils in the 9th grade to be functionally illiterate in reading, maths and science.
The partially funds public schools, colleges and universities, sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process. Education in primary and secondary public schools is free and compulsory.
The process spans through 12 grades, where grades one through eight are primary and nine through twelve are secondary level. Higher education consists of a 4-year degree and a 1-year master's degree. Bulgaria's highest-ranked higher education institution is. Is the only language with official status and native for 85% of the population. It belongs to the, but it has a number of grammatical peculiarities, shared with its closest relative, that set it apart from other Slavic languages: these include a complex verbal morphology (which also codes for distinctions in ), the absence of and, and the use of a suffixed. Other major languages are and, which according to the 2011 census were spoken natively by 9.1% and 4.2% respectively. The country scores high in, ranking 18th in the 2018.
Although was enabled relatively late, in 1937, women today have equal political rights, high workforce participation and legally mandated. Bulgaria has the highest ratio of female ICT researchers in the EU, as well as the second-highest ratio of females in the technology sector at 44.6% of the workforce. High levels of female participation are a legacy of the Socialist era. More than three-quarters of Bulgarians subscribe to.
Are the second-largest religious community and constitute 10% of Bulgaria's overall religious makeup, although a majority of them are not observant and find the use of in schools unacceptable. Less than 3% of the population are affiliated with and 11.8% are irreligious or do not self-identify with a religion. The gained status in AD 927, and has 12 dioceses and over 2,000 priests. Bulgaria is a with guaranteed religious freedom by constitution, but Orthodoxy is designated as a 'traditional' religion. Kuker in Contemporary Bulgarian culture blends the formal culture that helped forge a national consciousness towards the end of Ottoman rule with millennia-old folk traditions. An essential element of Bulgarian folklore is fire, used to banish evil spirits and illnesses.
Many of these are personified as witches, whereas other creatures like and are either benevolent guardians or ambivalent tricksters. Some rituals against evil spirits have survived and are still practised, most notably.
Is also widely celebrated., a ritual fire-dance of Thracian origin, is included in the list of. Are:, the, the Thracian tombs in and, the, the, the and the ancient city of. The Rila Monastery was established by Saint, Bulgaria's, whose life has been the subject of numerous literary accounts since Medieval times. The establishment of the and literary schools in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature during the. The schools' emphasis on Christian made the Bulgarian Empire a centre of Slavic culture, bringing Slavs under the influence of Christianity and providing them with.
Its alphabet, script, was developed by the Preslav Literary School. The, on the other hand, is associated with a Silver age of literature defined by high-quality manuscripts on historical or mystical themes under the and dynasties. Many literary and artistic masterpieces were destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors, and artistic activities did not re-emerge until the in the 19th century. The enormous body of work of (1850–1921) covered every genre and touched upon every facet of Bulgarian society, bridging pre-Liberation works with literature of the newly established state. Notable later works are by, the poetry of, the poetry of and, the -inspired works of and, and the novels of. Is a notable contemporary author, while Bulgarian-born was awarded the in 1981.
At the Bulgaria appeared at the in 1896, when it was represented. Since then, Bulgarian athletes have won 52 gold, 89 silver, and 83 bronze medals, ranking 25th in the. Is a signature sport of Bulgaria. Coach developed innovative training practices that have produced many Bulgarian world and Olympic champions in weight-lifting since the 1980s.
Bulgarian athletes have also excelled in, gymnastics,. Is the reigning holder in the women's at 2.09 metres (6 feet 10 inches), achieved during the. Is the first Bulgarian tennis player in the Top 3.
Is the most popular sport in the country by a substantial margin. The 's best performance was a semi-final at the, when the squad was spearheaded by forward. Stoichkov is the most successful Bulgarian player of all time; he was awarded the and the and was considered one of the best in the world while playing for in the 1990s. And, both based in Sofia, are the most successful clubs domestically. Is remarkable for having advanced from the local fourth division to the group stage in a mere nine years.
Placed 39th in 2018, it is Bulgaria's highest-ranked club in. Population by Province, Municipality, Address and Sex as of 31 December 2017 (in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.
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Air pollution is a very serious problem, because polluted air can cause illness and even death. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1500 million tons of dust and other harmful substances.
Many cities suffer from smog, the oxygen balance upsets. Cars are polluting the air by exhaust gases and other dangerous chemicals. Virtually not only human beings pollute the air but nature itself can cause damage,for example volcanic eruptions. But the consequences after volcanic eruptions arent so harmful as human beings, in contrast to human activities, these processes are always reversible – thought after a while the atmosphere will recover in former structure. Water recourses is one of the main factor of existing life in our planet. People use fresh water for their needs. It is more than 2% of hydrosphere volume.
First of all water pollution is the result of industrial, agricultural and everyday necessities discharge of wastes into rivers, lakes and seas. The main part of water pollution plays a large number of oil industry wastes. The main component of the Earth biosphere represents topsoil. Soil is polluted by: litter, wastes, heavy metals, pesticides, radioactive elements. Sinking aerosol may contain heavy poisonous metals and it may lead to plants ruin. I.Creation of different kinds of purification plants; II.Recycling. Using of conservation technologies and rational distribution of industry.
Creation of purification territorial systems.